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Did Mueller Speak Again After His Press Conference

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High german law official and caput of the Gestapo (1939–1945)

Heinrich Müller
Heinrich Müller.jpg
Director of the Gestapo
In role
27 September 1939 – 1 May 1945
Appointed by Heinrich Himmler
Preceded by Reinhard Heydrich
Succeeded by none (Office abolished)
Personal details
Born (1900-04-28)28 April 1900
Munich, Bavaria
High german Empire
Died May 1945 (anile 45)
Berlin (assumed)
Civilian awards Golden Party Badge
Nickname(s) "Gestapo Müller"
Military service
Fidelity German Empire
Nazi Germany
Service German language Army 1917–xviii
Munich Police force 1919–33
Gestapo 1933–45
Years of service 1917–18 (armed forces)
1933–45 (SS)
Rank SS-Gruppenführer
Battles/wars First Earth War
Military awards Knights Cross of the War Merit Cross with Swords
Iron Cross 1st Class with 1939 Clasp
Bavarian War machine Merit Cross 2nd Grade with Swords
Honour Cross of the World War 1914/1918

Heinrich Müller (28 Apr 1900; date of death unknown, but show points to May 1945)[ane] [2] was a high-ranking German Schutzstaffel (SS) and police force official during the Nazi era. For the majority of Globe War Ii in Europe, he was the master of the Gestapo, the secret state police force of Nazi Germany. Müller was key in the planning and execution of The Holocaust and attended the January 1942 Wannsee Conference, which formalised plans for deportation and genocide of all Jews in German-occupied Europe—The "Final Solution to the Jewish Question". He was known equally "Gestapo Müller" to distinguish him from another SS full general named Heinrich Müller.

He was last seen in the Führerbunker in Berlin on ane May 1945 and remains the most senior figure of the Nazi regime who was never captured or confirmed to have died.

Early life and career [edit]

Müller was born in Munich on 28 April 1900 to Catholic parents. His father had been a rural police official.[iii] Müller attended a Volksschule and completed an apprenticeship as an aircraft mechanic before the outbreak of the Outset World War.[four] During the last yr of the war, he served in the Luftstreitkräfte equally a pilot for an arms spotting unit. He was decorated several times for bravery (including the Atomic number 26 Cross 1st and 2nd class, Bavarian Military Merit Cross 2nd Class with Swords and Bavarian Pilots Badge). After the war concluded, he joined the Bavarian Police in 1919 as an auxiliary worker.[5] Although non a member of the Freikorps, he was involved in the suppression of the communist risings in the early post-war years. After witnessing the shooting of hostages by the revolutionary "Red Ground forces" in Munich during the Bavarian Soviet Democracy, he caused a lifelong hatred of communism.[6] During the years of the Weimar Republic he was head of the Munich Political Police Department, having risen speedily through the ranks due to his spirited efforts.[3]

SS career [edit]

It was under these auspices that he became acquainted with many members of the Nazi Party (NSDAP) including Heinrich Himmler and Reinhard Heydrich, although Müller in the Weimar period was generally seen as a supporter of the Bavarian People's Party (which at that fourth dimension ruled Bavaria). On 9 March 1933, during the Nazi putsch that deposed the Bavarian regime of Minister-President Heinrich Held, Müller advocated to his superiors using force against the Nazis.[7] Ironically, these views aided Müller's ascent every bit it guaranteed the hostility of the Nazis, thereby making Müller very dependent upon the patronage of Reinhard Heydrich, who in plough appreciated Müller's professionalism and skill equally a policeman, and was aware of Müller'due south past.[7] Once the Nazis seized power, Müller's knowledge of communist activities placed him in loftier demand; as a result he was promoted to Polizeiobersekretär in May 1933 and again to Criminal Inspector in November 1933.[viii]

Historian Richard J. Evans wrote: "Müller was a stickler for duty and subject field, and approached the tasks he was set as if they were armed forces commands. A truthful workaholic who never took a vacation, Müller was determined to serve the German state, irrespective of what political form information technology took, and believed it was everyone's duty, including his own, to obey its dictates without question."[vi] Evans also records Müller was a regime functionary out of ambition, not out of a belief in National Socialism: An internal [Nazi] Party memorandum ... could not understand how "so odious an opponent of the movement" could become head of the Gestapo, especially since he had once referred to Hitler as "an immigrant unemployed business firm painter" and "an Austrian draft-dodger".[vi] Nazi jurist and one-time police chief, SS-Obergruppenführer Werner All-time opined Müller represented 1 of the "finest examples" of the limited connexion between members of the NSDAP and the police before 1933.[nine]

After the Nazis came to power in 1933, Heydrich, as head of the Security Service (SD), recruited Müller, Franz Josef Huber and Josef Albert Meisinger, who were collectively referred to equally the "Bajuwaren-Brigade" (Bavarian Brigade).[ten] Müller joined the SS in 1934. By 1936, with Heydrich head of the Gestapo, Müller was its operations main.[eleven]

On 4 January 1937, an evaluation by the Nazi Party'due south Deputy Gauleiter of Munich-Upper Bavaria stated:

Criminal Police force Primary Inspector Heinrich Müller is non a Party fellow member. He has also never actively worked within the Party or in one of its ancillary organisations ...

Before the seizure of power Müller was employed in the political section of the Law Headquarters. He did his duty both under the direction of the notorious Police President Koch [Julius Koch, the Munich Police President 1929–33], and nether Nortz and Mantel. His sphere of activity was to supervise and deal with the left-wing movement ... [H]e fought confronting it very difficult, sometimes in fact ignoring legal provisions and regulations ... Simply it is equally articulate that, ... Müller would have acted confronting the Right in just the same fashion. With his enormous ambition and his marked 'pushiness' he would win the approving of his superiors ... In terms of his political opinions ... his standpoint varied betwixt the German National People's Party and the Bavarian People's Political party. But he was by no means a National Socialist.

As far equally his qualities of character are concerned, these are regarded in an even poorer lite than his political ones. He is ruthless, ... and continually tries to demonstrate his efficiency, but claims all the glory for himself.

In his selection of officials for the Bavarian Political Police he was very concerned to advise either officials who were more than inferior than himself or just those who were inferior in ability ... In this way he could keep rivals at bay. In his choice of officials he did not take business relationship of political considerations, he only had his own egoistical aims in mind ...

The Gau leadership of Munich-Upper Bavaria cannot, therefore, recommend accelerated promotion for Müller because he has rendered no services to the National Uprising.[7]

This assessment did not deter Heydrich from moving Müller along the ranks, specially since Heydrich believed it was an advantage not to be leap to the influence of the Nazi Party.[12] Functionaries like Müller were the sort of men Heydrich preferred since they were inherently committed to their "surface area of responsibility" and correspondingly justified any steps they deemed necessary against perceived enemies of the Nazi "racial community."[13] Müller was promoted to the rank of Standartenführer (colonel) in 1937.[xiv] Engrossing himself often in red-tape and statistics, Müller was a natural ambassador who took solace in a "world of notes, memos, and regulations" and and so received and transformed Gestapo reports of denouncements, torture, and hush-hush executions into "administrative provender."[15] Despite the expense of then much mental energy in carrying out his duties, Müller disliked the scholarly types and in one case told Walter Schellenberg that "intellectuals should be sent downward a coal mine and blown up."[xvi]

British author and translator Edward Crankshaw described Müller equally "the arch-type non-political functionary" who was "in honey with personal ability and dedicated to the service of authority, the Land."[17] General Walter Dornberger, the chief over the rocket research at Peenemünde, (nether alleged Gestapo suspicion) was ane of the few to ever interview with Müller and characterized him equally, "the unobtrusive type of constabulary official who leaves no personal impression on the memory" simply added, "... all I could retrieve was a pair of piercing grey-bluish eyes, fixed on me with an unwavering scrutiny. My start impression was one of cold marvel and extreme reserve."[18] American journalist and war correspondent, William L. Shirer, chosen Müller a "a dapper-looking fellow" but soon thereafter described him as "a cold, dispassionate killer".[19]

Himmler biographer Peter Padfield wrote: "he [Müller] was an archetypal middle rank official: of express imagination, not-political, not-ideological, his but fanaticism lay in an inner drive to perfection in his profession and in his duty to the state—which in his mind were one ... A smallish human with piercing eyes and thin lips, he was an able organiser, utterly ruthless, a human being who lived for his work."[20] Such was his dedication to the job that Auschwitz Commandant Rudolf Höss claimed one could reach Müller "whatsoever time of the solar day or dark, even Sundays and public holidays."[21]

Berlin February 1939: Maj. v. Schweinichen; Dr. Boor; Müller

He was made Inspector of the Security Law for all of Austria post-obit the 1938 Anschluss, while his shut friend Franz Josef Huber took charge of the Gestapo role in Vienna.[22] 1 of Müller's commencement major acts occurred during the unprecedented Kristallnacht pogrom of 9–x Nov 1938, when he ordered the arrest of between 20,000 and 30,000 Jews.[23] [a] Heydrich also tasked Müller during the summer of 1939 to create a centrally organized agency to deal with the eventual emigration of the Jews.[25] Müller became a member of the Nazi Party in 1939 for the purely opportunist reason of improving his chances of promotion and only after Himmler insisted he do it.[26] [b] Historian Robert Gellately does not give much credence to this apolitical image of Müller and cites the musings of Walter Schellenberg, who claimed during a chat with Müller one-time in 1943, Müller lauded the Stalinist organization equally superior to Nazism, which he believed compromised on also much.[28] Schellenberg fifty-fifty alleged when Müller compared Stalin against Hitler, his (Müller'southward) opinion was Stalin did things amend. Equally Gellately relates, such a politically oriented asseveration certainly indicates Müller did indeed have preferences.[29] He was notorious, for example, for admiring the Soviet police force.[xxx]

While the chief of the subsequent Reich Cardinal Office for Jewish Emigration[c] was indeed Heydrich, it was Müller who took care of the office'south authoritative details.[31] Presently thereafter, Müller took charge of this office just then handed control over to Adolf Eichmann. Once the war began, this ended the possibility of Jewish emigration and caused the office's dissolution.[32]

Gestapo master [edit]

In September 1939, when the Gestapo and other police organizations were consolidated under Heydrich into the Reich Security Primary Role (RSHA), Müller was made chief of the RSHA "Amt Iv" (Office or Dept. 4): Gestapo.[33] [34] To distinguish him from another SS general named Heinrich Müller, he became known as "Gestapo Müller".[35] [36]

Every bit Gestapo principal of operations and later (September 1939 forward) head of the organization, Müller played a leading role in the detection and suppression of all forms of resistance to the Nazi regime.[37] Trusted by both Heydrich and Himmler, Müller was pivotal in making the Gestapo the "fundamental executive organ of National Socialist terror" according to historians Carsten Dams and Michael Stolle.[38] Under his leadership, the Gestapo succeeded in infiltrating and to a large extent, destroying groups opposed to the Nazis, such every bit the underground networks of the left-wing Social Democratic Party and Communist Party.[39] [40] Along these lines, historian George C. Browder asserts that Müller's "expertise and his ardent detest for Communism guaranteed his future".[41]

When Hitler and his army chiefs asked for a pretext for the invasion of Poland in 1939, Himmler, Heydrich, and Müller masterminded and carried out a simulated flag project code-named Operation Himmler. During one of the operations, the clandestine mission to a German radio station on the Polish border,[42] Müller helped collect a dozen or then condemned men from camps, who were then dressed in Smooth uniforms.[43] In exchange for their participation, the men were told by Müller that "they would be pardoned and released."[44] Instead, the men were given a lethal injection and gunshot wounds to make them announced to take been killed in action during a imitation attack.[45] These incidents (especially the staged attack on the Gleiwitz radio station) were and then used in Nazi propaganda to justify the invasion of Poland, the opening event of World War II.[14] [46]

Thereafter, Müller continued to rise quickly through the ranks of the SS: in October 1939 he became an SS-Oberführer, in Nov 1941 – Gruppenführer and Lieutenant Full general of the police. During the Second World War, Müller was heavily involved in espionage and counter-espionage, peculiarly since the Nazi government increasingly distrusted the armed services intelligence service—the Abwehr—which under Admiral Wilhelm Canaris was a hotbed of activity for the High german Resistance. In 1942 he successfully infiltrated the "Scarlet Orchestra" network of Soviet spies and used it to feed faux information to the Soviet intelligence services.[47]

Müller (front end row, to the left) and Reinhard Heydrich visiting a war cemetery in Oslo, Norway in 1941.

Heydrich was Müller's direct superior until his assassination in 1942. For the remainder of the war, Ernst Kaltenbrunner took over as Müller's superior.[48] Müller occupied a position in the Nazi bureaucracy close to Himmler, the overall caput of the Nazi police appliance and the chief architect of the plan to exterminate the Jews of Europe, and Eichmann, the human entrusted with arranging the deportations of Jews to the Eastern ghettoes and death camps. Eichmann headed the Gestapo's "Office of Resettlement", and then its "Role of Jewish Affairs" (the RSHA Amt 4 sub-section known as Referat IV B4). He was Müller'due south subordinate.[49] Müller was also involved in the regime'due south policy towards the Jews, although Himmler and Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels drove this area of policy. On six October 1939 for instance, Müller instructed Eichmann to fix for the deportation of some 70,000 to 80,000 Jews from the annexed Polish city of Kattowitz; an order which included the displacement of the Jews from Ostrava—both "expulsion campaigns" had already been planned as early as September past the Gestapo or the ground forces.[50] Twelve days afterwards 18 October 1939, he told Eichmann it would before long "be necessary to organize the resettlement and removal of Poles and Jews into the area of the future Smoothen rump state centrally" via the RSHA.[51]

Although his principal responsibleness was e'er police force work inside Germany, he was fully in accuse and thus responsible to execute the extermination of the Jews of Europe. When Eichmann reported to Müller old in the middle of 1941 that he had been informed past Himmler the Führer had ordered the physical devastation of the Jews for instance, Müller silently nodded at his desk, indicating to Eichmann that he already knew.[52] Correspondingly, Müller received detailed reports from Eichmann nigh the Einsatzgruppen death-squad units, which co-ordinate to historian Raul Hilberg killed more than than two million people, including 1.three million Jews between 1941 and 1945.[53] At the end of June 1941, Müller dispatched Eichmann to Minsk, and then he could collect detailed information on the execution activities.[54] In August 1941, Müller ordered these killing reports be forwarded to Hitler.[55] Attempting to go along the brutality of the wholesale slaughter occurring in the East as placidity as possible, Müller sent a telegram to the Einsatzgruppen towards the end of August 1941, which explicitly instructed them "to prevent the crowding of spectators during the mass executions."[56] On 23 October 1941, Müller briefed a circular to SiPo stations which exclusively prohibited whatsoever future Jewish emigration out of German controlled territory, a directive which presaged their imminent extermination.[57]

In January 1942, he attended the Wannsee Conference at which Heydrich briefed senior officials from a number of government departments of the extermination plan, and at which Eichmann took the minutes.[58] In one case the briefing concluded, Müller, Heydrich, and Eichmann remained afterwards for additional "breezy chats".[59] [d] Just a couple months later in March 1942, Jews were already being systematically killed in gas vans at Chelmno and Belzec while construction was underway at Birkenau and Sobibor.[61] Again, Müller sent Eichmann to relate his findings about the killing operations taking identify at Chelmno; when Eichmann returned this time, he reported to Müller that the scene was "horrible" and added it was "an indescribable inferno."[62] When the start denunciations of the mass murder existence carried-out by the Germans hit the Allied press during the fall and winter of 1942, Himmler instructed Müller to ensure "all the bodies were either buried or burned."[63]

Enforcement and assistants of Nazi "racial-hygiene" policies were besides within the purview of Müller'southward responsibilities, as a special letter he sent from Berlin to all Gestapo offices on 10 March 1942 reveals; the letter contained instructions concerning the relationship between German women and Polish civilians or prisoners-of-state of war who were conscripted as labor during the state of war, particularly in cases related to pregnancy.[64] If both parties proved "racially acceptable" and the Shine man wanted to marry the woman, the pregnancy and relationship was allowed without punitive consequences, provided the RSHA approved afterward photographic evaluation of both parties and subsequent "Germanization" of the Pole occurred. For cases where one or more than parties was deemed racially unfit, the Polish male would receive "special treatment", an obvious Nazi euphemism for a death-sentence.[65]

In May 1942, Heydrich was assassinated in Prague by Czechoslovak soldiers sent from London. Müller was sent to Prague to head the investigation into Operation "Anthropoid". He succeeded through a combination of bribery and torture in locating the assassins, who killed themselves to avoid capture. Despite this success, his influence inside the regime declined somewhat with the loss of his original patron, Heydrich. Withal, betwixt the fourth dimension Heydrich died in 1942 and Kaltenbrunner took office in January 1943, "Müller played a central role in the organization of The Holocaust."[66] [e] [f] Evidence of Müller's intimate involvement in the Holocaust are arable in some of the surviving documents and in the later testimony of Eichmann, who divulged that he remained in constant contact with Müller.[69] Eichmann recalled how Müller reserved power unto himself and while he (Eichmann), arranged plenty of deportations, information technology was only Müller who could write the total number of Jews (in his orange-colored pencil) who were transported at the top of the corresponding reports.[70] [g]

Every bit the Red Ground forces counteroffensive confronting the Germans arrayed at the Battle of Stalingrad in mid-Nov 1942 started to take its toll, the exigencies of state of war demanded an increase in arms product; Müller played his part by responding to and facilitating Himmler's request for an additional 35,000–twoscore,000 forced laborers.[72] The Gestapo Chief rounded them upwardly from across detention centers and prisons which were non yet part of the concentration camp system and sent them to Majdanek and Auschwitz.[73] Old in 1943, Müller was sent to Rome to pressure level Fascist Italy to cooperate in relinquishing their Jews for deportation.[74] [75] Despite having the apparent support of Benito Mussolini, Müller'southward efforts were non very successful as influential Jewish figures inside Italy were in contact with the police and the military; they successfully appealed to their (Italians and Jews) shared religious convictions and convinced them to resist Nazi pressure.[76] In 1943 Müller had differences with Himmler over what to do with the growing testify of a resistance network inside the German state appliance, especially the Abwehr and the Foreign Office. He presented Himmler with firm evidence during February 1943, that Wilhelm Canaris was involved with the resistance; however, Himmler told him to drop the example.[77] Offended by this, Müller became an ally of Martin Bormann, the head of the Nazi Party Chancellery, who was Himmler's master rival.[78]

According to the SiPo and SD official in Denmark, Rudolf Mildner, Gestapo Chief Müller instructed him "to abort the Nobel Prize–winning atomic physicist Niels Bohr" sometime during the fall of 1943; this was likely the consequence of Bohr existence half-Jewish, but his scientific significance also interested officials in Berlin.[79] Fortunately for Bohr, he was tipped off by a sympathetic German adult female working for the Gestapo and was able to escape beyond the Kattegat Strait into Sweden with the evacuation of Jews from Kingdom of denmark. Later, Mildner conveniently asserted during Allied questioning that he had disobeyed Müller's order and allowed Bohr to go to condom.[fourscore]

Early in 1944, Müller issued the Nazi injunction known every bit the "cartridge directive"; this command ordered that Soviet prisoners-of-state of war who had assisted in the identification of detained political commissars for the purpose of their liquidation be executed on the grounds they were Geheimnisträger (bearers of secrets).[81] Instructions like these amid the numerous other crimes committed at his command made Müller "one of the most feared officials in Europe" during the Nazi reign.[82]

After the bump-off try against Adolf Hitler on xx July 1944, Müller was placed in charge of the arrest and interrogation of all those suspected of interest in the resistance. Over 5,000 people were arrested and virtually 200 executed, including Canaris. Not long subsequently the anti-Nazi resisters were sadistically killed, Müller allegedly exclaimed, "We won't make the same mistake every bit in 1918. We won't leave our internal German language enemies alive."[83] In the terminal months of the war, Müller remained at his post, apparently nonetheless confident of a High german victory – he told one of his officers in Dec 1944 the Ardennes offensive would effect in the recapture of Paris.[84]

Berlin 1945 [edit]

In Apr 1945, he was among the concluding group of Nazi loyalists assembled in the Führerbunker in central Berlin as the Red Army fought its fashion into the city in the Battle of Berlin. One of his last tasks was the abrupt interrogation of Hermann Fegelein in the cellar of the Church of the Trinity as to what he knew of Himmler's attempted peace negotiations with the Western allies backside Hitler's back.[85] Fegelein was Himmler's SS liaison officeholder and was shot later Hitler had Himmler expelled from all his posts for the betrayal.[86] Hitler'due south secretary, Traudl Junge, recounted seeing Müller on 22 April 1945 and claimed she saw him on occasion chatting with Hitler in the bunker; she also added that Müller had assumed Kaltenbrunner'southward former duties every bit caput of the RSHA.[87] Both Junge and Oberscharführer Rochus Misch, the phone operator for the Führerbunker, recalled seeing Müller on 30 April 1945.[87] [88] Misch placed him in the Reich Chancellery still in total uniform.[88] That afternoon, Hitler committed suicide.[89] On 2 May 1945, the commander of the Berlin Defence Area, General Helmuth Weidling, surrendered to the Red Ground forces.[90]

Disappearance [edit]

Müller was last seen in the bunker on the evening of i May 1945, the day after Hitler's suicide.[84] Hans Baur, Hitler's pilot, later on quoted Müller as proverb; "we know the Russian methods exactly. I haven't the faintest intention of being taken prisoner past the Russians". From that solar day onwards, no trace of him has ever been found. He is the most senior member of the Nazi regime whose fate remains a mystery. However, the best bear witness points to him either having been killed or committing suicide during the anarchy of the fall of Berlin, and his body, if recovered, was not identified.[1]

The Cardinal Intelligence Agency's (CIA) file on Müller was released under the Freedom of Information Act in 2001, and documents several unsuccessful attempts by U.South. agencies to notice Müller. The U.Southward. National Archives commentary on the file concludes: "Though inconclusive on Müller's ultimate fate, the file is very articulate on one point. The Central Intelligence Bureau and its predecessors did non know Müller's whereabouts at whatsoever point subsequently the war. In other words, the CIA was never in contact with Müller."[84] The CIA file shows an extensive search was made for Müller in the months afterward the German surrender. The search was led by the counterespionage co-operative of the U.S. Office of Strategic Services (forerunner of the CIA). The search was complicated by the fact that "Heinrich Müller" is a very common German name. A further trouble arose because "some of these Müllers, including Gestapo Müller, did not appear to have middle names. An additional source of defoliation was that there were 2 dissimilar SS generals named Heinrich Müller".[84]

In 1947, American and British agents searched the home of his wartime mistress Anna Schmid, but found cypher suggesting that he was even so alive. With the onset of the Cold War and the shift of priorities to meeting the claiming of the Soviet Matrimony, interest in pursuing missing Nazis declined. By this fourth dimension, the decision seems to accept been reached that Müller was most probable dead. The Royal Air Force Special Investigation Co-operative also had an involvement in Müller with regard to the Stalag Luft III murders, for which he was presumed to have responsibility given his position in the Gestapo.[84]

Walter Schellenberg declared in his memoir that Müller had defected to the Soviets in 1945. Schellenberg also wrote that a German officeholder—who had been a prisoner of state of war in Russian federation—claimed to have seen Müller in Moscow in 1948, and that he had died shortly afterward. There is no reference in the memoir as to who the German officer was or whatsoever other details that might assistance verify this claim.[91]

The seizure in 1960 and subsequent trial in State of israel of Adolf Eichmann sparked new interest in Müller'south whereabouts. Although Eichmann revealed no specific data, he told his Israeli interrogators that he believed that Müller was still live. The W German office in charge of the prosecution of war criminals charged the law to investigate. The possibility that Müller was working for the Soviet Wedlock was considered, simply no definite information was gained. Müller's family and his old secretary were placed under surveillance by the Allies in example he was respective with them.[84]

The West Germans investigated several reports of Müller's torso beingness establish and buried in the days afterwards the fall of Berlin. The reports were contradictory, non wholly reliable and information technology was not possible to confirm any of them. 1 such report came from Walter Lüders, a former member of the Volkssturm, who said he had been part of a burial unit which had found the torso of an SS general in the garden of the Reich Chancellery, with the identity papers of Heinrich Müller. The body had been cached in a mass grave at the quondam Jewish Cemetery on Grosse Hamburger Strasse in the Soviet Sector. Since this location was in East Berlin in 1961, this gravesite could not at the time be investigated by West Germany, nor has in that location been whatever attempt to excavate this gravesite since the reunification of Deutschland.[92]

In 1961, Lieutenant-Colonel Michael Goleniewski, the Deputy Master of Shine Military Counter Intelligence, defected to the Usa. Goleniewski had worked as an interrogator of captured German officials from 1948 to 1952. He never met Müller, but said he had heard from his Soviet supervisors that sometime betwixt 1950 and 1952, the Soviets had "picked up Müller and taken him to Moscow". The CIA tried to rail down the men Goleniewski named as having worked with Müller in Moscow, but were unable to confirm his story.[84] Israel also continued to pursue Müller: in 1967, two Israeli operatives were caught past West High german constabulary attempting to break into the Munich apartment of Müller'southward wife.[h]

Francis Willard Keith (left) in Panama in 1967

In 1967, in Panama Metropolis, a homo named Francis Willard Keith was accused of being Müller. West High german diplomats pressed Panama to extradite him for trial. W High german prosecutors said Sophie Müller, 64, had seen photos of Keith and identified him as her long-missing husband. Yet, Keith was released once fingerprints proved he was not Müller.[84]

The CIA investigation concluded: "There is footling room for uncertainty that the Soviet and Czechoslovak [intelligence] services circulated rumors to the effect that Müller had escaped to the West ... to offset the charges that the Soviets had sheltered the criminal ... There are strong indications but no proof that Müller collaborated with [the Soviets]. There are as well strong indications but no proof that Müller died [in Berlin]." The CIA apparently remained convinced at that fourth dimension that if Müller had survived the state of war, he was existence harboured inside the Soviet Union. But when the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991 and the Soviet archives were opened, no evidence to back up this belief emerged.[84] The U.Southward. National Archives commentary concludes: "More information well-nigh Müller's fate might still emerge from notwithstanding hole-and-corner files of the former Soviet Wedlock. The CIA file, past itself, does non permit definitive conclusions. Taking into account the currently available records, the authors of this report conclude that Müller most likely died in Berlin in early on May 1945."[84] Past the 1990s, it was in whatsoever case increasingly unlikely Müller, who was born in 1900, would be alive even if he had survived the war.

In 2008, historian Peter Longerich published a biography of Heinrich Himmler—translated into English in 2012—that contained an alleged offset-hand account of Müller'due south terminal known whereabouts. According to reports from Himmler'south adjutant Werner Grothmann, Müller was with Himmler at Flensburg on 11 May and accompanied Himmler and other SS officers as they attempted to escape the Allies on foot. Himmler and Müller parted company at Meinstedt, later which Müller was not seen again.[93]

In 2013 Johannes Tuchel, the caput of the Memorial to the German Resistance, claimed Müller'due south torso was institute in Baronial 1945 past a work crew cleaning upwards corpses and was 1 of 3,000 buried in a mass grave on the site of a quondam Jewish cemetery in Berlin-Mitte. While Tuchel was confident he had solved the mystery, whether Müller is actually there has non been confirmed.[94] Withal, the uncertainty of Müller's ultimate end and/or whereabouts has merely served to nourish the "mysterious ability" that the Gestapo elicits even to the present.[95]

Alleged CIC dossier [edit]

In July 1988, author Ian Sayer received from an bearding individual a 427-page certificate, which claimed to exist a photocopy of a United states Army Counter Intelligence Corps (CIC) file that had been inadvertently released by the US National Archives. The dossier purported to confirm Heinrich Müller had survived the war and been retained by the CIC as an intelligence adviser.[96]

Sayer and co-writer Douglas Botting were known to exist working on a comprehensive history of the CIC at that time. The alleged dossier had too come to the attending of the U.s. Department of Justice's Nazi-hunting unit, the Office of Special Investigations, who subsequently sought Sayer'south opinion on the veracity of the documents. By this time the bearding individual (subsequently identified equally Gregory Douglas) had managed to interest Time magazine and the London Times paper in his story.[97] The claims of the dossier, which include a conspiracy theory virtually Hitler's death (involving a torso double) are considered by historians such as Anton Joachimsthaler and Luke Daly-Groves equally an example of created "myths".[98] [99]

See also [edit]

  • Glossary of Nazi Deutschland
  • List of Nazi Party leaders and officials
  • List of fugitives from justice who disappeared
  • List of SS personnel

References [edit]

Informational notes

  1. ^ Before Kristallnacht began, Müller informed members of the State police that there would be demonstrations against the Jews throughout Germany, just they were instructed by him that "no action" was to exist taken.[24]
  2. ^ Müller had a high party number, 4,583,199, as a outcome.[27]
  3. ^ Hermann Göring had ordered the cosmos of the office on 24 January 1939.[31]
  4. ^ There are also reports that afterwards the three of them enjoyed "a glass or two or three of cognac."[lx]
  5. ^ Historian Klaus Fischer refers to Müller equally a "key figure in the Final Solution to the Jewish Question."[67]
  6. ^ Historian George C. Browder avows that in spite his apprehensive origins equally a constabulary official, Müller "went on to go a chief executive of genocide and every extreme of inhumanity, without displaying whatever pleasance or lust for blood."[68]
  7. ^ According to Eichmann, Müller conducted weekly meeting with his "specialists" on Thursdays where they would frequently discuss "business concern" along with personal affairs. Chess games were a routine part of these meetings with Eichmann reporting that Müller always won.[71]
  8. ^ Frischauer, Willi (16 November 1967), "This Human Mueller," Evening Standard, Issue: 44603.

Citations

  1. ^ a b Weale 2010, p. 412.
  2. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999, p. 285.
  3. ^ a b Gellately 1992, p. 55.
  4. ^ Dams & Stolle 2014, p. 39.
  5. ^ Dams & Stolle 2014, pp. 39–40.
  6. ^ a b c Evans 2008, p. 97.
  7. ^ a b c Noakes & Pridham 1983, pp. 500–501.
  8. ^ Dams & Stolle 2014, p. twoscore.
  9. ^ Gellately 1992, p. 50.
  10. ^ Gerwarth 2011, p. 76.
  11. ^ Weale 2010, p. 132.
  12. ^ Gellately 1992, p. 56.
  13. ^ Bessel 2006, p. 75.
  14. ^ a b Zentner & Bedürftig 1997, p. 606.
  15. ^ Delarue 2008, p. 145.
  16. ^ Delarue 2008, p. 146.
  17. ^ Crankshaw 2002, p. 96.
  18. ^ Crankshaw 2002, p. 97.
  19. ^ Shirer 1990, p. 953.
  20. ^ Padfield 1990, p. 145.
  21. ^ Dederichs 2009, p. 65.
  22. ^ Dams & Stolle 2014, p. 123.
  23. ^ Laqueur & Baumel 2001, p. 388.
  24. ^ Dederichs 2009, p. 87.
  25. ^ Friedländer 2009, p. 137.
  26. ^ Wistrich 1995, p. 174.
  27. ^ Dederichs 2009, p. 63.
  28. ^ Schellenberg 1956, pp. 319–320.
  29. ^ Gellately 1992, p. 61.
  30. ^ Parrish & Marshall 1978, p. 418.
  31. ^ a b Hilberg 1985, p. 160.
  32. ^ Dawidowicz 1975, p. 105.
  33. ^ Longerich 2012, pp. 469, 470.
  34. ^ Weale 2010, p. 131.
  35. ^ Crankshaw 2002, p. 94.
  36. ^ Dawidowicz 1975, p. 81.
  37. ^ Weale 2010, pp. 131–132, 141–142.
  38. ^ Dams & Stolle 2014, p. twenty.
  39. ^ Burleigh 2000, pp. 182–185.
  40. ^ Seeger 1996, pp. 78–79.
  41. ^ Browder 1996, p. 40.
  42. ^ Fischer 1995, p. 440.
  43. ^ Delarue 2008, p. 174.
  44. ^ Delarue 2008, p. 174–175.
  45. ^ Delarue 2008, p. 175.
  46. ^ Shirer 1990, pp. 518–520.
  47. ^ Weale 2010, pp. 145, 146.
  48. ^ Longerich 2012, p. 661.
  49. ^ Weale 2010, p. 145.
  50. ^ Longerich 2010, p. 151.
  51. ^ Longerich 2010, pp. 152–153.
  52. ^ Hilberg 1985, p. 164.
  53. ^ Rhodes 2002, p. 257.
  54. ^ Gilbert 1985, pp. 166–168.
  55. ^ Evans 2008, pp. 240–241.
  56. ^ Mazower 2008, p. 371.
  57. ^ Krausnick 1968, pp. 68–69.
  58. ^ Evans 2008, pp. 263–267.
  59. ^ Graber 1978, pp. 200–201.
  60. ^ Gerwarth 2011, p. 216.
  61. ^ Gilbert 1985, p. 310.
  62. ^ Gilbert 1985, pp. 310–311.
  63. ^ Mazower 2008, p. 409.
  64. ^ Gellately 1992, pp. 234–235.
  65. ^ Gellately 1992, p. 235.
  66. ^ Dams & Stolle 2014, pp. xl–41.
  67. ^ Fischer 1995, p. 336.
  68. ^ Browder 1996, p. 41.
  69. ^ Hilberg 1985, p. 169.
  70. ^ Hilberg 1985, pp. 169–170.
  71. ^ Hilberg 1985, p. 170.
  72. ^ Mayer 2012, p. 334.
  73. ^ Mayer 2012, pp. 334–335.
  74. ^ Stackelberg 2007, p. 226.
  75. ^ Bauer 1982, pp. 236–237.
  76. ^ Bauer 1982, p. 237.
  77. ^ Padfield 1990, p. 422.
  78. ^ Padfield 1990, p. 427.
  79. ^ Breitman & Goda 2010, pp. 34, 38.
  80. ^ Breitman & Goda 2010, p. 38.
  81. ^ Grunberger 1993, p. 99.
  82. ^ Fischer 1995, p. 334.
  83. ^ Fritz 2011, p. 454.
  84. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Naftali et al. 2009.
  85. ^ Beevor 2002, pp. 341–343.
  86. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999, pp. 267, 270–271, 277, 278.
  87. ^ a b Breitman & Goda 2010, p. 7.
  88. ^ a b Misch 2014, pp. 170–171.
  89. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999, pp. 160–182.
  90. ^ Beevor 2002, p. 386.
  91. ^ Schellenberg 1956, p. 321.
  92. ^ Smale (2013).
  93. ^ Longerich 2012, p. 735.
  94. ^ Chocolate-brown (2013).
  95. ^ Dams & Stolle 2014, pp. 176–177.
  96. ^ Sayer & Botting 1989, pp. 333–335.
  97. ^ Whiting 2001, p. 133 et seq.
  98. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999, pp. 32–34.
  99. ^ Daly-Groves 2019, pp. 122–124.

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External links [edit]

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_M%C3%BCller_(Gestapo)

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